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9.7 Frequency Synthesizer (PLL)
The main PLL features are:
? Generate RX/TX frequencies for all IEEE 802.15.4 – 2.4GHz channels
? Autonomous calibration loops for stable operation within the operating range
? Two PLL-interrupts for status indication
? Fast PLL settling to support frequency hopping
9.7.1 Overview
The PLL generates the RF frequencies for the Atmel AT86RF232. During receive
operation the frequency synthesizer works as a local oscillator on the radio transceiver
receive frequency, during transmit operation the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is
directly modulated to generate the RF transmit signal. The frequency synthesizer is
implemented as a fractional-N PLL.
Two calibration loops ensure correct PLL functionality within the specified operating
limits.
9.7.2 RF Channel Selection
The PLL is designed to support 16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band with channel
spacing of 5MHz according to IEEE 802.15.4. The center frequency of these channels
is defined as follows:
Fc [MHz] = 2405 + 5 x (k – 11), for k = 11, 12, ..., 26
where k is the channel number.
The channel k is selected by register bits CHANNEL (register 0x08, PHY_CC_CA).
9.7.3 Frequency Agility
When the PLL is enabled during state transition from TRX_OFF to PLL_ON, the settling
time is typically t TR4 = 80μs, including settling of the analog voltage regulator (AVREG)
and PLL self calibration, refer to Table 7-2 and Figure 13-12 . A lock of the PLL is
indicated with an interrupt IRQ_0 (PLL_LOCK).
Switching between 2.4GHz ISM band channels in PLL_ON or RX_ON states is typically
done within t PLL_SW = 11μs. This makes the radio transceiver highly suitable for
frequency hopping applications.
When starting the transmit procedure the PLL frequency is changed to the transmit
frequency within a period of t RX_TX = 16μs before starting the transmission. After the
transmission the PLL settles back to the receive frequency within a period of
t TX_RX = 32μs. This frequency step does not generate an interrupt IRQ_0 (PLL_LOCK)
or IRQ_1 (PLL_UNLOCK) within these periods.
9.7.4 Calibration Loops
Due to variation of temperature, supply voltage and part-to-part variations of the radio
transceiver the VCO characteristics may vary.
To ensure a stable operation, two automated control loops are implemented, center
frequency (CF) tuning and delay cell (DCU) calibration. Both calibration loops are
initiated automatically when the PLL is enabled during state transition from TRX_OFF to
PLL_ON state. Additionally, center frequency calibration is initiated when the PLL
changes to a different channel center frequency.
118
AT86RF232
8321A – MCU Wireless – 10/11
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